Acid-base learning
Normal ABG Values
Reference ranges and step-wise interpretation.
Compensation Rules Cheat-Sheet
Use to detect mixed disorders.
Metabolic Acidosis
Primary fall in HCO₃ → acidaemia. Categorise by anion gap.
Respiratory Acidosis
Hypoventilation → CO₂ retention → acidaemia.
Metabolic Alkalosis
Primary rise in HCO₃ → alkalaemia. Chloride-responsive vs unresponsive.
Respiratory Alkalosis
Hyperventilation → CO₂ washout → alkalaemia.
Mixed Acid-Base Disorders
Recognise concurrent primary disturbances.
Worked Case: DKA
26 y/o T1DM, vomiting, Kussmaul breathing.
Worked Case: COPD Exacerbation
72 y/o COPD, drowsy after high-flow O₂.
Worked Case: Salicylate Overdose
20 y/o, tinnitus, hyperventilating, took unknown aspirin OD.
Clinical Decisions in Seconds
