Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Ophthalmology

Sudden rise in intraocular pressure from blocked aqueous outflow — sight-threatening emergency.

Risk factors

  • Female, age >60
  • Hypermetropia
  • Asian ethnicity
  • Pupil dilation (mydriatics, dim light)

Clinical features

  • Severe eye pain
  • Headache, nausea, vomiting
  • Blurred vision, haloes around lights

Examination

  • Fixed mid-dilated pupil
  • Red eye, hazy cornea
  • Hard eye on palpation
  • IOP >40 mmHg

Investigations

  • Tonometry
  • Gonioscopy
  • Slit lamp

Differential diagnosis

  • Migraine
  • Cluster headache
  • Anterior uveitis
  • Acute conjunctivitis

Management

  • Lie supine
  • Pilocarpine 2% drops
  • Acetazolamide 500 mg IV/PO
  • Timolol + apraclonidine + dexamethasone drops
  • Definitive: laser peripheral iridotomy

Drug therapy

  • Acetazolamide 500 mg + 250 mg q6h
  • Mannitol 20% 1 g/kg if refractory

Complications

  • Permanent vision loss
  • Optic nerve atrophy

Clinical pearls

  • Never dilate a red painful eye

Educational — verify locally.

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