First antenatal visit (8–12 weeks) for risk assessment, baseline tests, dating scan.
History taking
- • Onset, duration, progression, severity
- • Aggravating / relieving factors
- • Past history, drugs, allergies, comorbidities
- • Family & social history relevant to presentation
Examination
- • General: vitals, pallor, icterus, oedema, lymphadenopathy
- • Focused system examination
- • Look for red-flag findings
Red flags
- • Haemodynamic instability
- • Rapid deterioration
- • Severe pain or new neurological deficit
Differential diagnosis
- • See differentials section per chief complaint
Recommended investigations
- • Blood group, Rh, antibodies, FBC, HbA1c
- • HIV, syphilis, Hep B (HBsAg), rubella IgG
- • Urinalysis + MSU, dating USS
Diagnosis
- • Clinical diagnosis supported by targeted investigations
Initial treatment / management
- • Treat underlying cause
- • Symptomatic relief
- • Patient education
Drug therapy
- • Folic acid 400 µg (5 mg if high risk) until 12 weeks
- • Vitamin D 400 IU/day
- • Iron if anaemic
Follow-up advice
- • Review in 2–4 weeks or earlier if worsening
- • Monitor response to therapy and adverse effects
Patient counselling
- • Avoid alcohol, smoking, raw foods, soft cheese, listeria sources
- • Travel, vaccination (Tdap, flu)
Referral criteria
- • Refer if diagnostic uncertainty, complications, or failure of first-line therapy
References
- • Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 21e
- • NICE / WHO guidelines (current edition)
Educational outpatient guide — verify against local guidelines before clinical use.
